Saturday, March 11, 2017

Early Chinese Music Resources: Southern Song

Early Chinese Music Resources: Southern Song
compiled by David Badagnani (rev. 30 May 2024)

In an effort to make this repertoire more accessible, this document contains resources related to the known surviving pieces and songs from China's Southern Song Dynasty (南宋, 1127-1279).
Links to scores are highlighted in blue.  Links to recordings and videos are highlighted in pink.
Links to textual sources are highlighted in green.

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Yili Jingzhuan Tongjie

Yili Jingzhuan Tongjie《仪礼经传通解》(A Comprehensive Commentary on the Confucian Classics, Rites, and Ceremonies), by the noted Confucian scholar Zhu Xi (朱熹, 1130-1200) and printed posthumously c. 1217, contains three sections dealing with music. Most notably, Chapter 14, section 24 includes a set of twelve ritual songs in lülü "pitch-pipe" notation (Chinese: lülü pu, 律吕谱), with texts from the "Xiao Ya" (小雅, Lesser Court Hymns) section of the Shi Jing (Classic of Poetry), these lyrics believed to originate from the 9th to 8th centuries BC. According to Zhu, by his time these pieces were already considered old and out of fashion, and he states that he took them from a collection of the Southern Song Dynasty scholar Zhao Yansu (赵彦肃, 1148-1196) called "Feng Ya Shi'er Shi Pu"《风雅十二诗谱》, in which the songs were attributed to the Kaiyuan period (713-741) of the Tang Dynasty (Provine 1988), although the eminent musicologist Yang Yinliu (杨荫浏, 1899-1984) doubted their Tang origin.

The twelve songs are as follows:
1. Lu Ming《鹿鸣》(The Deer Bleat) 2. Si Mu《四牡》(The Four Steeds) 3. Huang Huang Zhe Hua《皇皇者华》(Resplendent Are the Blossoms) 4. Yu Li《鱼丽》(The Fish Fall Into [the Basket]) 5. Nan You Jia Yu《南有嘉鱼》 (In the South There are Barbel) 6. Nan Shan You Tai《南山有台》(On the Southern Hills Grows the Nutgrass)
Video of "Nan Shan You Tai":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28B0jLQXWmk&t=27m45s Video of contemporary choral arrangement of "Nan Shan You Tai": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0SyYpYcSvU&t=03m57s 7. Guan Ju《关雎》(Cry of the Ospreys) 8. Ge Tan《葛覃》(The Kudzu Spreads) 9. Juan Er《卷耳》(Mouse-Ear) 10. Que Chao《鹊巢》(The Magpie's Nest) 11. Cai Fan《采蘩》(Gathering the White Southernwood) 12. Cai Ping《采蘋》(Gathering Duckweed)

● Full text of Yili Jingzhuan Tongjie:

● Full text of Yili Jingzhuan Tongjie:

 ● Information about the Korean usage of "Nan Shan You Tai" (남산유대 / 南山有臺) http://dh.aks.ac.kr/sillokwiki/index.php/%EB%82%A8%EC%82%B0%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80(%E5%8D%97%E5%B1%B1%E6%9C%89%E8%87%BA)
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Zhongxing Lishu

Zhongxing Lishu《中兴礼书》, a compilation of ritual and music completed in 1184 during the reign of the Southern Song emperor Xiaozong (孝宗, r. 1162-1189), contains the scores and lyrics in lülü "pitch-pipe" notation (Chinese: 律吕谱) for 428 pieces of court ritual music and instrumental pieces.

● Facsimile and full text of Zhongxing Lishu:

● Summary of lecture by Joseph Lam about the music of Zhongxing Lishu, presented in Shanghai on December 25, 2009:

● 2013 article by Tian Yaonong (田耀农), Yang Bo (杨波), and Wu Xiaoyang (吴晓阳) about the music of Zhongxing Lishu:

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Jiang Kui (姜夔)
Baishi Daoren Gequ《白石道人歌曲》(Songs of Whitestone, the Daoist, c. 1202) by the poet/musician/composer Jiang Kui (姜夔, c. 1155-c. 1221) contains 28 songs, in three categories.
1) One guqin song:  "Gu Yuan"《古怨》(Ancient Lament)
● Video of "Gu Yuan" performed in an arrangement for instrumental ensemble:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBOKeVsiJho#t=01h59m08s
● Transcription in staff notation and qinpu by John Thompson:
● More information about "Gu Yuan" from the website of John Thompson:
2) Seventeen ci songs, notated in suzi notation (Chinese: suzi pu, 俗字谱), also known as yanyue banzi pu (Chinese: 燕乐半字谱, literally "banquet music half-character notation"), a shorthand (cursive) form of gongche notation (Chinese: gongche pu, 工尺谱) whose symbols are based on wind instrument fingerings, which is believed to have originated in the Tang Dynasty for use in yanyue (燕乐, court banquet music), and which was used in scores of secular music dating to the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties.
1. Ge Xi Mei Ling《鬲溪梅令》
Transcription of "Ge Xi Mei Ling" by Laurence Picken:
2. Xing Hua Tian Ying《杏花天影》(Apricot Blossoms Against the Sky)
3. Zui Yin Shang Xiaopin《醉吟商小品》
4. Yu Mei Ling《玉梅令》(Song-Poem: Jade Plum Blossoms) - melody by the Southern Song Dynasty poet and geographer Fan Chengda (范成大, 1126-1193)
Transcription of "Yu Mei Ling" by Laurence Picken:
 Video of "Yu Mei Ling":
5. Nichang Zhong Xu Di Yi《霓裳中序第一》(Rainbow Skirts Middle Prelude, no. 1)
6. Yangzhou Man《揚州慢》
Transcription of "Yangzhou Man" by Laurence Picken:
7. Chang Ting Yuan Man《长亭怨慢》
Transcription of "Chang Ting Yuan Man" by Laurence Picken:
 Video of "Chang Ting Yuan Man":
8. Dan Huang Liu《淡黄柳》(Pale Yellow Willows)
9. Shihu Xian《石湖仙》
10. An Xiang《暗香》(Hidden Fragrance)
Video of "An Xiang," as arranged by Wang Di and released on the recording 《中国古代歌曲长河》:
11. Shu Ying《疏影》(Dappled Shadows)
Video of "Shu Ying," as arranged by Wang Di and released on the recording 《中国古代歌曲长河》:
12. Xi Hong Yi《惜红衣》
13. Jue Shao《角招》
Video of "Jue Shao":
Recording of "Jue Shao" by Peiyou Chang:
14. Zhi Shao《征招》
15. Qiu Xiao Yin《秋宵吟》
16. Qiliang Fan《凄凉犯》
17. Cui Lou Yin《翠楼吟》

 3) Ten ritual songs, called "Yue Jiu Ge Shishou" 《越九歌十首》 (Nine Songs of Yue in Ten Pieces), in lülü "pitch-pipe" notation (Chinese: lülü pu, 律吕谱):

 1. Di Shun Chu Diao《帝舜楚調》(Emperor Shun, Chu mode)
Video of "Di Shun Chu Diao": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FPRhzA5QCs
2. Wang Yu Wu Diao《王禹吳調》(King Yu, Wu mode)
3. Yue Wang Yue Diao《越王越調》(King of Yue, Yue mode)
4. Yue Xiang Ceshang Diao《越相側商調》(The Minister of Yue, Ceshang mode)
Video of "Yue Xiang Ceshang Diao":
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45n3_inGrWs
5. Xiang Wang Gu Ping Diao《項王古平調》(The King of Xiang, Guping mode)
6. Tao Zhi Shen Shuang Diao《濤之神霜調》(The Spirit of the Billows, Shuang mode)
7. Cao E Shu Ce Diao《曹蛾蜀側調》(Cao E, Shuce mode)
8. Pang Jiangjun Gaoping Diao《龐將軍高平調》(General Pang, Gaoping mode)
9. Jing Zhong Zhongguan Shang Diao《旌忠中管商調》(Honored Loyalty, Zhongguan shang mode)
10. Cai Xiao Zi Zhongguan Banzhan Diao《蔡孝子中管般瞻調》(A Filial Son, Zhongguan Banzhan mode)
---------------------------------------------- Shilin Guangji Shilin Guangji《事林广记》(Extensive Records of a Forest of Matters), by the late Southern Song Dynasty scholar Chen Yuanjing (陈元靓, c. 1200-c. 1266), is believed to have been written in 1266 or 1269, although the oldest surviving edition dates to the year 1332, during the Yuan Dynasty. In it, the author endeavors to provide a taste of all aspects of life during the Southern Song Dynasty (including sports, games, astrology, cooking, various forms of music, and many other activities).

In its musical section, Shilin Guangji begins with a section regarding the guqin, which includes one short qin ge, "Kaizhi Huangying Yin"《开指黄莺吟》(Prelude: Song of the Oriole), and five additional modal preludes (in Gong, Shang, Jue, Zhi, and Yu modes) for guqin.

 Next there is a suite of nine ci (poetic songs) in suzi notation (Chinese: suzi pu, 俗字谱), for which only the texts (and no melodies) are provided; those wishing to perform these songs would need to find or compose their own melodies to match the texts' various cipai patterns:
1) Zisu Wan《紫苏丸》(Perilla Balls)
2) Lülü Jin《缕缕金》(Strands of Gold)
3) Hao Nü'er《好女儿》(The Good Daughter)
4) Da Funiang《大夫娘》(The Grand Wife)
5) Hao Nü'er《好女儿》(The Good Daughter)
6) Zhuan《赚》(A Turn)
7) Yuenin Hao《越恁好》(Even Better)
8) Hu Da Tu《鹘打兔》(The Raptor Snatches the Hare)
9) Weisheng《尾声》(Coda)

Following these nine ci songs are the lyrics for two longer ci songs in suzi notation (Chinese: suzi pu, 俗字谱), also without melodies provided:
1) Manting Fang《满庭芳》(Fragrance-Filled Courtyard)
2) Shui Diao Ge Tou《水调歌头》(Leading Song in Shui [Water] Mode)

It continues with two pages of percussion music, which utilizes an intriguing (if not fully understood) system of graphic notation; this percussion music appears to be intended for use in accompanying yet another suite, which would presumably be based on one or more unknown cipai, whose titles are not provided; it is simply labeled "Quan tao" (全套, entire suite), and no melodic notation is provided. The last part of the suite, called "Weisheng" (尾声, coda), is labeled with a cipai entitled "Qin Shou Sha"《秦寿煞》.

 The final section includes seven further pieces in suzi notation (Chinese: suzi pu, 俗字谱), which may be intended to be performed together as a suite; these pieces do not have texts provided, but, following period practice, ci (poetic texts) matching individual melodies could be chosen and used as lyrics, as desired:
1) Yuan Cheng Shuang Ling《愿成双令》(Ling [short song]: Wishing to Be a Couple)
2) Yuan Cheng Shuang Man《愿成双慢》(Man [long song]: Wishing to Be a Couple)
3) Shizi Xu《狮子序》(Xu [Prelude]: The Lion)
4) Ben Gong Pozi《本宫破子》(Pozi ["Broaching" piece] in the same mode)
5) Zhuan《赚》(A Turn)
6) Shuang Shengzi Ji《双胜子急》(The Double Victory: Quick)
7) San Jiu'er《三句儿》(Three Little Lines)

 ● Recording of "Kaizhi Huangying Yin" by John Thompson:

● Recordings of the five modal preludes for qin by John Thompson:
http://www.silkqin.com/02qnpu/03slgj.htm#f15

● Recording of "Yuan Cheng Shuang Man" (with lyrics from a qu 元曲 poem the late Yuan Dynasty/early Ming Dynasty poet Lan Chufang 兰楚芳) by Zhao Yue (赵越) and his ensemble:
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xV411Z7Zq/

● Recording of "Zhuan" by Zhao Yue (赵越) and his ensemble:
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1aE411V7cD

 ● Shilin Guangji
https://archive.org/details/02098000.cn/
https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E4%BA%8B%E6%9E%97%E5%BB%A3%E8%A8%98
http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&res=520143

More information:
http://tvguide.cctv.com/tvguide/tvcomment/tyzj/zjwz/9726.shtml

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Historical reference works about the music of the Southern Song Dynasty

 Southern Song-era musical reference works include the following:

 ● Dayue Yi《大乐议》(A Discussion of Great Music), presented by Jiang Kui in 1179
https://xuges.com/mj/j/jiangkui/001.htm

● Meng Liang Lu《梦粱录》(A Dream of Sorghum)
This 20-volume book by Wu Zimu (吴自牧, dates of birth and death unknown) describes the city of Lin'an (modern-day Hangzhou) during the Southern Song Dynasty.  Music is discussed in several volumes.
http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0301/00mll/index.htm
http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0301/00mll/004.htm
● Ducheng Jisheng《都城纪胜》(Record of the Splendors of the Capital City)
A description of the Southern Song Dynasty capital of Lin'an (Hangzhou), published in 1235 by Nai Deweng (耐得翁), a scholar who had once traveled to the city and wrote down what he observed.  It contains detailed descriptions of music-making.

● Wulin Jiushi《武林旧事》(Ancient Matters from Wulin Garden)
This 10-volume book by Zhou Mi (周密, 1232-1298), which was completed in the year 1290, describes the city of Lin'an (modern-day Hangzhou) during the Southern Song Dynasty.  It contains descriptions of popular entertainments including theater and music.
http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0301/00wljs/index.htm
http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0301/00wljs/001.htm

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Miscellaneous videos

● Concert of Song Dynasty music, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 2017

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Bibliography

 ● Lam, Joseph S. C.  "Writing Music Biographies of Historical East Asian Musicians:  The Case of Jiang Kui" (A.D. 1155-1221).  World of Music, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 69-95.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41699353
● Lam, Joseph S. C.  "Why and How Do Chinese Sing Shijing Songs?"  In The Oxford Handbook of Music in China and the Chinese Diaspora, ed. Jonathan P. J. Stock and Yu Hui.  Oxford:  Oxford University Press, 2023, pp. 99-133.
https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/52498/chapter-abstract/421530629
● Lee, Hye-Ku.  Essays on Traditional Korean Music.  Translated and edited by Robert C. Provine. Seoul: Published for the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch by Seoul Computer Press, 1981.
https://www.amazon.com/Essays-Traditional-Korean-Music-Hye-Ku/dp/B0066DWKQW
● Levis, John Hazedel.  Foundations of Chinese Musical Art.  Peiping:  Henri Vetch, 1936.
● Liang Ming-yüeh.  "The Tz'u Music of Chiang K'uei:  Its Style and Compositional Strategy."  Renditions, vol. 11 & 12 (1979), pp. 211-246.
http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/rct/toc/toc_b1112.html
http://www.silkqin.com/05poet/jkrefmat/LiangRend.pdf
● Liu Chongde 刘崇德. Tang-Song Yue Gu Pu Lei Cun 唐宋乐古谱类存. 3 volumes. Hefei: Huangshan Shushe 黄山书社 [Huangshan Publishing House], 2016.
● Mittag, Achim.  "Change in Shijing Exegesis:  Some Notes on the Rediscovery of the Musical Aspect of the "Odes" in the Song Period."  T'oung Pao, vol. 79 (1993), pp. 197-224.
● Pian, Rulan Chao. Sonq Dynasty Musical Sources and Their Interpretation.  Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, no. 16.  Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967.
https://www.amazon.com/Dynasty-Musical-Sources-Their-Interpretation/dp/9629960990
● Picken, Laurence.  "Twelve Ritual Melodies of the T'ang Dynasty."  In Studia Memoriae Belae Bartók Sacra, 2nd ed. (Budapest:  Aedes Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 1957), pp. 147-173.
● Picken, Laurence.  "Chiang K'uei's Nine Songs for Yüeh."  The Musical Quarterly, v. 43, no. 2 (April 1957), pp. 201-219.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/740313
● Picken, L. E. R. "Secular Chinese Songs of the Twelfth Century." Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, T. 8, Fasc. 1/4 (1966), pp. 125-171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/901663
● Picken, Laurence. "The Shapes of the Shi Jing Song-Texts and Their Musical Implications." Musica Asiatica, vol. 1 (1977), pp. 85-109. ● Picken, L. E. R. "The Musical Implications of Chinese Song-Texts with Unequal Lines, and the Significance of Nonsense-Syllables, with Special Reference to Art-Songs of the Song Dynasty." Musica Asiatica, v. 3 (1981), pp. 53-77.
● Picken, Laurence.  "Tang Music and Music of the Song Dynasty."  Lectures for SNU.  Minjok Eumakhak 민족음악학 (民族音樂學) [Ethnomusicology, published by the Asian Music Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Music 서울대학교 음악대학 동양음악연구소], vol. 12 (1990), pp. 13-24.
http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/handle/10371/86836
● Provine, Robert C.  Essays on Sino-Korean Musicology:  Early Sources for Korean Ritual Music.  Seoul: Il Ji Sa, 1988.
https://www.amazon.com/Essays-Sino-Korean-Musicology-Sources-Traditional/dp/B0006ESSPO
● Thrasher, Alan R., ed.  Qupai in Chinese Music:  Melodic Models in Form and Practice.  New York and London: Routledge, 2016.
https://www.amazon.com/Qupai-Chinese-Music-Routledge-Ethnomusicology/dp/1138936243
● Yang Yuanzheng.  Plum Blossom on the Far Side of the Stream:  The Renaissance of Jiang Kui's Lyric Oeuvre with Facsimiles and a New Critical Edition of The Songs of the Whitestone Daoist.  Book with CD.  Hong Kong:  Hong Kong University Press, 2019.
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/P/bo49939970.html
● Yu Yunfei (于韵菲). "'Yuan Cheng Shuang': Zhuan Pu Yanjiu"《愿成双 • 赚》谱研究 [A Study of the Notation for "'Yuan Cheng Shuang': Zhuan"]. Ph.D. dissertation. Shanghai Conservatory of Music, 2013. ● Yu Yunfei (于韵菲). Yuan Cheng Shuang: Zhuan Pu Yanjiu《愿成双 • 赚》谱研究 [A Study of the Notation for "Yuan Cheng Shuang: Zhuan"]. From the Interpretation and Research of Song Dynasty Music Culture (宋代音乐文化阐释与研究文丛) series. Shanghai Conservatory of Music Press, 2021.
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Other links

● The Center for Song Dynasty Music Study (Song Dai Yinyue Yanjiu Zhongxin, 宋代音乐研究中心) at the Zhejiang Conservatory of Music, Hangzhou
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/SmwRbs_yVyZBARdLvBc-fQ

● 2009 Symposium on Song Dynasty Music (Shanghai Conservatory of Music)
https://musicology.cn/papers/papers_5390.html
https://musicology.cn/news/news_5061.html (call for papers)

● 2013 Symposium on Song Dynasty Music (Shanghai)

● Article about suzi notation (Chinese: suzi pu, 俗字谱) notation by Zhao Yuqing (赵玉卿) (2021)

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Song-era poems about music

 http://earlychinesemusic.blogspot.com/2018/09/poems-about-music-song.html

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 Thanks to Jianyu Huang, Patrick Huang, Alan Lau, and Yanchen Zhang for assistance with this page.

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