Qing Dynasty Court Ensembles:
Annan Guo Yue
(安南国乐)
(安南国乐)
compiled by David Badagnani (rev. 25 March 2021)
In an effort to make this information more accessible, this document contains resources related to the Annan Guo Yue (安南国乐, literally "Music of the Annamese Nation"), a troupe performing music and dance of Vietnamese origin in the court of the Qing Dynasty of China, which was established in 1789 (or soon after) during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1733-1796), as documented in the Chinese historical record.
This performing troupe was probably sent to Beijing by Nguyễn Huệ, the second emperor of the Tây Sơn Dynasty (Emperor Quang Trung of Đại Việt) in 1789 (or soon after). The performers were probably sent directly from the palace at Thang Long (Hanoi), which had been the capital of the Lê Dynasty until its overthrow by the Tây Sơn Dynasty under Nguyễn Huệ in 1789.
Links to textual sources are highlighted in green.
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Historical background
In the Qing Dynasty, there were nine banquet music ensembles maintained in the palace at Beijing, as follows:
1. Dui Wu Yue (队舞乐, Manchu group dances, with music)
2. Wa'erka Bu Yue (瓦尔喀部乐, music and dance of the Warka, a group of Donghai Jurchens)
3. Chaoxian Yue (朝鲜乐, Korean music and acrobatics)
4. Menggu Yue (蒙古乐, Mongolian music)
5. Hui Bu Yue (回部乐, Uyghur music and dance from the Tarim Basin)
6. Fanzi Yue (番子乐, Tibetan music and dance)
7. Kuo'erka Bu Yue (廓尔喀部乐, Gurkha music and dance from Nepal)
8. Miandian Guo Yue (缅甸国乐, Burmese music and dance)
9. Annan Guo Yue (安南国乐, Vietnamese music and dance)
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Chinese historical reference works discussing the Annan Guo Yue
● Qing Shigao 《清史稿》 (Draft History of Qing), the official history of the Qing Dynasty, published in draft form in 1928 (actually during the Republic Period), contains information about the Annan Guo Yue (both music and dance) in volume 101:
卷一百一 志七十六
樂八
宴樂凡九：一曰隊舞樂，一曰瓦爾喀部樂，一曰朝鮮樂，一曰蒙古樂，一曰回部樂，一曰番子樂，一曰廓爾喀部樂，一曰緬甸國樂，一曰安南國樂。
[ ... ]
乾隆五十四年，獲安南國樂，列於宴樂之末，是為安南樂舞。用丐鼓一，丐拍一，丐哨一，丐彈弦子一，丐彈胡琴一，丐彈雙韻一，丐彈琵琶一，丐三音鑼一。安南土語，凡樂器之名，俱以丐字建首。
丐鼓，木匡冒革，空其下，徑八寸四分，承以架。用竹桴二，或左手承鼓，右手以桴擊之。
丐拍，用檀板三：其一上端綴以連錢。其一背刻雁齒，其一右為鋸牙。左手執二板相擊，連錢激響，右手執鋸牙者，引擊雁齒，錯落成聲。
丐哨，即橫笛，截竹為筒，漆飾，二十一節。左第一孔為吹口，次加竹膜，右六孔，末二孔，俱上出，旁二孔對出，兩端飾以角。
丐彈弦子，三弦，斫檀為質，槽方而橢，兩面冒虺皮。匙頭鑿空納弦，以三軸綰之，左二右一。
丐彈胡琴，二弦，竹柄，槽形如筒，底微豐，面冒虺皮。曲首鑿空，兩軸俱自後穿前綰弦，弦自山口至柱，長一尺八寸，餘如番部合樂胡琴之制。
丐彈雙韻，如月琴，四弦，斫檀為質，槽面以桐，形如滿月。徑一尺一寸六分，厚一寸八分。曲項鑿空納弦，綰以四軸，左右各二。槽面覆手，山口下七品，俱以檀為之。
丐彈琵琶，四弦，刳桐為質，通長三尺。項上鑿空納弦，綰以四軸，左右各二。上設四象，下布十品。弦自山口至覆手，長二尺一寸四分。
丐三音鑼，范銅，三面，綰以鐵圈，聯如品字。上一徑二寸四分五釐，右一徑二寸三分八釐，左一徑二寸三分。承以檀柄，槌用角。
[ ... ]
舞有二：用於祀神者曰佾舞，用於宴饗者曰隊舞。凡佾舞武用干戚，文用羽籥。干戚曰武功之舞，羽籥曰文德之舞，祭祀初獻以武舞，亞獻終獻以文舞，惟先師廟、文昌廟初獻、亞獻、終獻皆以文舞焉。若大雩，則童子十六人衣皁衣，持羽翳，歌而舞皇舞，凡此皆隸於佾舞者也。隸於隊舞者，初名蟒式舞，亦曰瑪克式舞。乾隆八年，更名慶隆舞，內分大、小馬護為揚烈舞，是為武舞，大臣起舞上壽為喜起舞，是為文舞。是年巡幸盛京，筵宴宗室，增世德舞。十四年，平定金川，凱旋筵宴，又增德勝舞，三舞同制，各有樂章。揚烈舞，用戴面具三十二人，衣黃畫布者半，衣黑羊皮者半。跳躍倒擲，象異獸。騎禺馬者八人，介胄弓矢，分兩翼上，北面一叩，興。周旋馳逐，象八旗。一獸受矢，群獸懾伏，象武成。喜起舞，大臣二十二人，朝服儀刀入，三叩，興，退東位西鄉立。以兩而進，舞畢三叩，退。次隊繼進如前儀。此隊舞之大較也。外此則有四裔樂舞：東曰瓦爾喀、曰朝鮮，北曰蒙古，西曰回、曰番、曰廓爾喀，南曰緬甸、曰安南，皆同列於宴樂之末。瓦爾喀部樂舞，司舞八人，均服紅雲緞鑲壯緞花補袍，狐皮大帽，豫立丹陛之西。將作樂，進前三叩，退。司樂八人，分兩翼上，跪一膝，奏瓦爾喀樂曲。司舞進舞，以兩為隊，每隊舞畢，三叩，退。
[ ... ]
安南國樂，司樂器九人，均戴道巾，衣黃鸝補服道袍，藍緞帶。司舞四人，衣蟒衣，冠帶與司器同。執采扇而舞。
● A set of eight illustrations (with accompanying text) of instruments used to perform Annan Guo Yue, from vol. 9 of the Qing Dynasty source Huang Chao Li Qi Tu Shi 《皇朝礼器图式》, compiled by Yunlu (允禄, 1695-1767), Jiang Pu (蒋溥, 1708-1761), and other scholars, which was published during the Qianlong period (between 1759 and 1795):
Accompanying text for image 1:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐鼔
謹按乾隆五十四年戡定安南得其樂器八
欽定燕饗陳於諸部樂之末安南土語凡樂器之名俱以丐字建首丐鼔木匡冒革空其一面四圍宻釘徑八寸四分承以文竹三足之架桴二用竹或以左手承鼓右手以桴擊之以為樂節」
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In Vietnam today, this instrument is called sênh tiền or sinh tiền.
Accompanying text for image 2:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐拍
謹按丐拍以檀為之共三板均長八寸五分廣八分厚二分五釐其一上方有二銅釘綴以連錢其一背面刻作鴈齒其一右面如鋸牙工歌時左手執二板相擊連錢激響右手執鋸牙者引擊鴈齒錯落成聲」
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Accompanying text for image 3:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐哨
謹按丐哨即横笛有二俱長一尺九寸五分徑七分截竹為䇶髤漆為節共二十有一左第一為吹孔次加竹膜右六孔以協律末二孔向上出音又旁二孔對出垂以黄緌兩端以角為飾工歌並吹之」
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Accompanying text for image 4:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐彈弦子
謹按丐彈弦子斵檀為之槽方而橢兩目冐以虺皮通長二尺九寸四分柄長二尺四寸九分上濶八分下濶九分六釐厚八分槽長四寸五分一釐濶四寸四釐厚二寸四分匙頭鑿空納弦以三軸綰之左二各一各長三寸六分六釐弦自山口至柱二尺四寸背系黄緌」
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Accompanying text for image 5:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐彈胡琴
謹按丐彈胡琴竹柄槽形如筩刻檀為之面冒虺皮二弦通長二尺二寸六分柄長二尺一寸三分槽面徑一寸九分底微豐徑二寸四分二釐厚三寸一分二釐曲首鑿空背出兩軸綰之長五寸面設竹柱弦自山口至柱一尺八寸柄端以銅為縁背有銅紐垂黄緌餘如番部合樂胡琴之制」
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Accompanying text for image 6:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐彈雙韻
謹按丐彈雙韻即月琴斵檀為之槽面以桐形如滿月曲項四弦通長二尺八寸六分六釐柄長一尺一寸濶九分槽面徑一尺一寸六分厚一寸八分鑿空納弦以四軸綰之左右各二長三寸六分槽面施覆手山口下布七品弦自山口至覆手長一尺八寸二分覆手軸象俱用檀背繫黄緌」
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Accompanying text for image 7:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐彈琵琶
謹按丐彈琵琶刳桐為之背面通以髤漆繪泥金花草四絃通長三尺槽濶七寸三分厚一寸二分頂濶八分中厚一寸二分邊厚四分上端鑿空納弦以四軸綰之左右各二長三寸四分弦自山口至覆手二尺一寸四分上有四象下有十品山口弦孔俱飾魚牙」
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Accompanying text for image 8:
「燕饗用安南國樂丐三音鑼
謹按丐三音鑼範銅為之外綰鐵絲為規徑四寸五分聨係如品字鑼形似雲鑼上一徑二寸四分五釐右一徑二寸三分八釐左一徑二寸三分四方俱有孔用銅絲繫鐵圏中下以二鐵絲總綰之承以檀木柄柄口飾銅下垂流蘇槌用角」
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