Korean music documented in Chinese textual sources
compiled by David Badagnani (rev. 30 October 2022)
In an effort to make it more accessible, this document contains resources related to Korean musics, as documented in Chinese textual sources.
Links to textual sources are highlighted in green.
----------------------------------------------
Chinese historical reference works discussing Korean musics
Chinese historical reference works discussing Korean musics
● Wei Shu 《魏书》 (The Book of Wei)
The official history of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Wei Shu was compiled from 551 to 554 by Wei Shou (魏收, 505, 506, or 507-572), during the Northern Qi period. It is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). The music of Goguryeo (one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) is briefly mentioned in volume 100:
Volume 100
高句麗
Goguryeo
[ ... ]
「世祖時，釗曾孫璉始遣使者安東奉表貢方物，并請國諱。世祖嘉其誠款，詔下帝系名諱於其國，遣員外散騎侍郎李敖拜璉為都督遼海諸軍事、征東將軍、領護東夷中郎將、遼東郡開國公、高句麗王。敖至其所居平壤城，訪其方事，云：遼東南一千餘里，東至柵城，南至小海，北至舊夫餘，民戶參倍於前。魏時，其地東西二千里，南北一千餘里。民皆土著，隨山谷而居，衣布帛及皮。土田薄塉，蠶農不足以自供，故其人節飲食。其俗淫，好歌舞，夜則男女群聚而戲，無貴賤之節，然潔淨自喜。其王好治宮室。其官名有謁奢、太奢、大兄、小兄之號。頭著折風，其形如弁，旁插鳥羽，貴賤有差。立則反拱，跪拜曳一腳，行步如走。常以十月祭天，國中大會。其公會，衣服皆錦繡，金銀以為飾。好蹲踞。食用俎几。出三尺馬，云本朱蒙所乘，馬種即果下也。後貢使相尋，歲致黃金二百斤，白銀四百斤。」
● Bei Shi 《北史》 (History of the Northern Dynasties)
This historical work, comprising 100 volumes, covers the period from 386 to 618, including the histories of the Northern Wei, Western Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasties, and also discusses the music of the "Western Regions" (西域, Xiyu, i.e., Central Asia). The book was started by Li Dashi and completed by his son Li Yanshou following the elder Li's death, sometime between 643 and 659, during the early Tang Dynasty. It is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). The music of Baekje (one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) is discussed in volume 94:
This historical work, comprising 100 volumes, covers the period from 386 to 618, including the histories of the Northern Wei, Western Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Zhou, Northern Qi, and Sui dynasties, and also discusses the music of the "Western Regions" (西域, Xiyu, i.e., Central Asia). The book was started by Li Dashi and completed by his son Li Yanshou following the elder Li's death, sometime between 643 and 659, during the early Tang Dynasty. It is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). The music of Baekje (one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) is discussed in volume 94:
Volume 94
高句麗
Goguryeo
[ ... ]
「樂有五絃、琴、箏、篳篥、橫吹、簫、鼓之屬，吹蘆以和曲。每年初，聚戲浿水上，王乘腰轝、列羽儀觀之。事畢，王以衣入水，分為左右二部，以水石相濺擲，諠呼馳逐，再三而止。俗潔淨自喜，尚容止，以趨走為敬。拜則曳一腳，立多反拱，行必插手。性多詭伏，言辭鄙穢，不簡親疏。父子同川而浴，共室而寢。好歌舞，常以十月祭天，其公會衣服，皆錦繡金銀以為飾。好蹲踞，食用俎机。出三尺馬，云本朱蒙所乘馬種，即果下也。風俗尚淫，不以為愧，俗多游女，夫無常人，夜則男女群聚而戲，無有貴賤之節。有婚嫁，取男女相悅即為之。男家送豬酒而已，無財聘之禮；或有受財者，人共恥之，以為賣婢。死者，殯在屋內，經三年，擇吉日而葬。居父母及夫喪，服皆三年，兄弟三月。初終哭泣，葬則鼓舞作樂以送之。埋訖，取死者生時服玩車馬置墓側，會葬者爭取而去。信佛法，敬鬼神，多淫祠。有神廟二所：一曰夫餘神，刻木作婦人像；一曰高登神，云是其始祖夫餘神之子。並置官司，遣人守護，蓋河伯女、朱蒙云。」
百濟之國
The Country of Baekje
[ ... ]
「其人雜有新羅、高麗、倭等，亦有中國人。其飲食衣服，與高麗略同。若朝拜祭祀，其冠兩廂加翅，戎事則不。拜謁之禮，以兩手據地為禮。婦人不加粉黛，女辮髮垂後，已出嫁，則分為兩道，盤於頭上。衣似袍而袖微大。兵有弓箭刀矟。俗重騎射，兼愛墳史，而秀異者頗解屬文，能吏事。又知醫藥、蓍龜，與相術、陰陽五行法。有僧尼，多寺塔，而無道士。有鼓角、箜篌、箏竽、箎笛之樂，投壺、摴蒲、弄珠、握槊等雜戲。尤尚奕棋。行宋元嘉曆，以建寅月為歲首。賦稅以布、絹、絲、麻及米等，量歲豐儉，差等輸之。其刑罰，反叛、退軍及殺人者，斬；盜者，流，其贓兩倍徵之；婦犯姦，沒入夫家為婢。婚娶之禮，略同華俗。父母及夫死者，三年居服，餘親則葬訖除之。土田濕，氣候溫暖，人皆山居。有巨栗，其五穀、雜果、菜蔬及酒醴肴饌之屬，多同於內地。唯無駝、騾、驢、羊、鵝、鴨等。國中大姓有八族，沙氏、燕氏、刕氏、解氏、真氏、國氏、木氏、苗氏。其王每以四仲月祭天及五帝之神。立其始祖仇台之廟於國城，歲四祠之。國西南，人島居者十五所，皆有城邑。」
● Sui Shu 《隋书》 (The Book of Sui)
The official history of the Sui Dynasty (581-618), the Sui Shu was completed in 636 (actually during the early Tang Dynasty). It is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). The musics of Goguryeo and Baekje (two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) are discussed in volumes 15 and 81:
Volume 15
及大業中，煬帝乃定清樂、西涼、龜茲、天竺、康國、疏勒、安國、高麗、禮畢，以為九部。樂器工衣創造旣成，大備於茲矣。
[ ... ]
疏勒、安國、高麗，並起自後魏平馮氏及通西域，因得其伎。後漸繁會其聲，以別於太樂。
高麗，歌曲有芝栖，舞曲有歌芝栖。樂器有彈箏、卧箜篌、豎箜篌、琵琶、五弦、笛、笙、簫、小篳篥、桃皮篳篥、腰鼓、齊鼓、擔鼓貝等十四種，為一部。工十八人。
Volume 81
東夷
Dongyi [Eastern Barbarians]
高麗
Gaoli [i.e., Goguryeo]
[ ... ]
「樂有五絃、琴、箏、篳篥、橫吹、簫、鼓之屬，吹蘆以和曲。」
[ ... ]
百濟
Baiji [i.e., Baekje]
[ ... ]
「有鼓角、箜篌、箏、竽、箎、笛之樂，投壺、圍棋、樗蒲、握槊、弄珠之戲。」
● Tongdian 《通典》 (Comprehensive Institutions)
Written by Tang Dynasty scholar and historian Du You (杜佑, 735-812) between 766 and 801, Tongdian discusses the musics of Goguryeo and Baekje (two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea) are discussed in volume 146:
Volume no. 146
「東夷二國。高麗樂，工人紫羅帽，飾以鳥羽，黃大袖，紫羅帶，大口蔥，赤皮鞾，五色縚繩。舞者四人，椎髻於後，以絳抹額，飾以金璫。二人黃裙襦，赤黃蔥；二人赤黃裙，襦蔥。極長其袖，烏皮鞾，雙雙併立而舞。樂用彈箏一，搊箏一，臥箜篌一，豎箜篌一，琵琶一，五絃琵琶一，義觜笛一，笙一，橫笛一，簫一，小篳篥一，大篳篥一，桃皮篳篥一，腰鼓一，齊鼓一，擔鼓一，貝一。大唐武太后時尚二十五曲，今唯能習一曲，衣服亦寖衰敗，失其本風。百濟樂，中宗之代，工人死散。開元中，岐王範為太常卿，復奏置之，是以音伎多闕。舞者二人，紫大袖裙襦，章甫冠，皮履。樂之存者，箏、笛、桃皮篳篥、箜篌、歌。」
A collection of small essays (biji, 笔记) by the Tang scholar Duan Anjie (段安节, fl. 880-898), published around 890 near the end of the Tang Dynasty. This work survives in no fewer than 23 different editions. An extensively annotated German translation was published by Martin Gimm (b. 1930) in 1966. The music of Goguryeo, as it existed as one of the nine yanyue (banquet music) ensembles making up the Jiu Bu Yue (九部乐) of the Tang palace, is mentioned briefly:
俳優
「開元中，黃幡綽、張野狐弄參軍。始自後漢館陶令石耽，耽有贓犯，和帝惜其才，免罪。每宴樂，即令衣白夾衫，命優伶戲弄辱之，經年乃放。後爲參軍，誤也。開元中有李仙鶴善此戲，明皇特授韶州同正參軍，以食其祿，是以陸鴻漸撰詞雲「韶州參軍」，蓋由此也。武宗朝有曹叔度、劉泉水咸通以來，即有范傳康、上官唐卿、呂敬遷等三人。弄假婦人，大中以來有孫乾、劉璃瓶，近有郭外春、孫有熊。僖宗幸蜀時，戲中有劉真者，尤能，後乃隨駕入京，籍於教坊。弄婆羅，大中初有康乃、李百魁、石寶山。大別有夷部樂，即有扶南、高麗、高昌、驃國、龜茲、康國、疏勒、西涼、安國；樂即有單龜頭鼓及箏、蛇皮琵琶，蓋以蛇皮爲槽，厚一寸餘，鱗介具焉，亦以楸木爲面，其捍撥以象牙爲之，畫其國王騎象，極精妙也。鳳頭箜篌、臥箜篌，其工頗奇巧。三頭鼓、鐵拍板、葫蘆笙；舞有骨鹿舞、胡旋舞，俱於小圓球子上舞，縱橫勝踏，兩足終不離於球子上，其妙如此也。」
● Jiu Tang Shu 《旧唐书》 (The Old Book of Tang), also known simply as Tang Shu 《唐书》 (The Book of Tang)
This historical work in 200 volumes was completed in 945, actually during the Later Jin (后晋) Dynasty, one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十国) period following the fall of the Tang Dynasty. It is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). The banquet musics and dances of Goguryeo and Baekje (two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea), as they were performed in the courts of China beginning in the the court of the Liu Song (420-479) and continuing through the Sui and Tang dynasties, are discussed in volume 29:
Volume 29
「後魏有曹婆羅門，受龜茲琵琶於商人，世傳其業，至孫妙達，尤為北齊高洋所重，常自擊胡鼓以和之。周武帝聘虜女為后，西域諸國來媵，於是龜茲、疏勒、安國、康國之樂，大聚長安。胡兒令羯人白智通教習，頗雜以新聲。張重華時，天竺重譯貢樂伎，後其國王子為沙門來遊，又傳其方音。宋世有高麗、百濟伎樂。魏平馮跋，亦得之而未具。周師滅齊，二國獻其樂。隋文帝平陳，得清樂及文康禮畢曲，列九部伎，百濟伎不預焉。煬帝平林邑國，獲扶南工人及其匏琴，陋不可用，但以天竺樂轉寫其聲，而不齒樂部。西魏與高昌通，始有高昌伎。我太宗平高昌，盡收其樂，又造讌樂，而去禮畢曲。今著令者，惟此十部。雖不著令，聲節存者，樂府猶隷之。德宗朝，又有驃國亦遣使獻樂。
高麗樂，工人紫羅帽，飾以鳥羽，黃大袖，紫羅帶，大口袴，赤皮靴，五色縚繩。舞者四人，椎髻於後，以絳抹額，飾以金璫。二人黃裙襦，赤黃袴，極長其袖，烏皮靴，雙雙並立而舞。樂用彈箏一，搊箏一，卧箜篌一，豎箜篌一，琵琶一，義觜笛一，笙一，簫一，小篳篥一，大篳篥一，桃皮篳篥一，腰鼓一，齊鼓一，檐鼓一，貝一。武太后時尚二十五曲，今惟習一曲，衣服亦寖衰敗，失其本風。
百濟樂，中宗之代，工人死散。岐王範為太常卿，復奏置之，是以音伎多闕。舞二人，紫大袖裙襦，章甫冠，皮履。樂之存者，箏、笛、桃皮篳篥、箜篌、歌。
此二國，東夷之樂也。」
高麗樂，工人紫羅帽，飾以鳥羽，黃大袖，紫羅帶，大口袴，赤皮靴，五色縚繩。舞者四人，椎髻於後，以絳抹額，飾以金璫。二人黃裙襦，赤黃袴，極長其袖，烏皮靴，雙雙並立而舞。樂用彈箏一，搊箏一，卧箜篌一，豎箜篌一，琵琶一，義觜笛一，笙一，簫一，小篳篥一，大篳篥一，桃皮篳篥一，腰鼓一，齊鼓一，檐鼓一，貝一。武太后時尚二十五曲，今惟習一曲，衣服亦寖衰敗，失其本風。
百濟樂，中宗之代，工人死散。岐王範為太常卿，復奏置之，是以音伎多闕。舞二人，紫大袖裙襦，章甫冠，皮履。樂之存者，箏、笛、桃皮篳篥、箜篌、歌。
此二國，東夷之樂也。」
● Xin Tang Shu 《新唐书》 (The New Book of Tang; generally translated as "New History of the Tang" or "New Tang History")
This historical work covering the Tang Dynasty, comprising ten volumes and 225 chapters, was compiled by compiled by a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi, a process that took 17 years. It was completed in 1060, during the Northern Song Dynasty. It is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). The Gaoli Ji (高丽伎, music/dance of Goguryeo), one of the nine yanyue (banquet music) ensembles making up the Jiu Bu Yue (九部乐) maintained in the Sui palace at Daxing (大兴, the Sui name for Chang'an; modern-day Xi'an) since c. 605-608, during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui (隋炀帝), is discussed in volumes 21 and 22:
Volume 21
[ ... ]
「高麗伎，有彈箏、搊箏、鳳首箜篌、卧箜篌、豎箜篌、琵琶，以蛇皮為槽，厚寸餘，有鱗甲，楸木為面，象牙為捍撥，畫國王形。又有五絃、義觜笛、笙、葫蘆笙、簫、小觱篥、桃皮觱篥、腰鼓、齊鼓、檐鼓、龜頭鼓、鐵版、貝、大觱篥。胡旋舞，舞者立毬上，旋轉如風。」
Volume 22
中宗時，百濟樂工人亡散，岐王為太常卿，復奏置之，然音伎多闕。舞者二人，紫大袖裙襦、章甫冠、衣履。樂有箏、笛、桃皮觱篥、箜篌、歌而已。」
---------------------------------------------
Chinese poems mentioning Korean music
《箜篌引》
Konghou Lament (Konghou Yin)
汉佚名乐府诗
Anonymous Yuefu poem (Han Dynasty)
公无渡河，公竟渡河！
Husband, don't cross the river!
My husband still crossed the river.
渡河而死，其奈公何？
While crossing the river, he lost his life;
With such a husband, how can one endure?
Notes:
The incident commemorated by this poem took place in Joseon Prefecture (朝鲜县, modern-day P'yŏngyang, North Korea), Lelang Commandery (乐浪郡), a commandery of the Han Dynasty that was established after the defeat of Wiman Joseon (卫满朝鲜, 194 BC-108 BC), and lasted until Goguryeo conquered it in 313.
The incident commemorated by this poem took place in Joseon Prefecture (朝鲜县, modern-day P'yŏngyang, North Korea), Lelang Commandery (乐浪郡), a commandery of the Han Dynasty that was established after the defeat of Wiman Joseon (卫满朝鲜, 194 BC-108 BC), and lasted until Goguryeo conquered it in 313.
More information:
---------------------------------------------
Glossary
● 伽倻; alternate Korean forms: 加耶 or 伽耶 (가야) = Gaya (Chinese: Jiāyē)
● 高句麗 (고구려) = Goguryeo (Chinese: Gāogōulí)
● 高麗 (고려) = Goryeo (Chinese: Gāolí)
● 新羅 (신라) = Silla (Chinese: Xīnluó)
----------------------------------------------
Bibliography
---------------------------------------------
Site index:
No comments:
Post a Comment