Tang-era piece: Wei Qing Tangtang
《韋𡖖堂堂》
compiled by David Badagnani (rev. 7 July 2022)
In an effort to make this information more accessible, this document contains resources related to the Tang-era piece entitled Wei Qing Tangtang《韋𡖖堂堂》(modern/standard spelling: 《韋卿堂堂》).
In the Sino-Japanese tradition, this piece is called Ikyō-dōdō『韋𡖖堂堂（いきょうどうどう）』, or Wikyau-daudau『韋𡖖堂堂（ゐきやうだうだう）』in classical Japanese, and it appears in the following score collection:
● Gogen Fu『五絃譜』or Gogen Kinfu『五絃琴譜』, the manuscript itself simply bearing the title《五絃》(Gogen); individual pieces in the collection bear the dates 773 and 842 and the music is believed to be of Tang Chinese origin, though the manuscript was probably copied in Japan in the 11th century during the mid-Heian period.
According to the research of musicologist Steven G. Nelson, who reconstructed this piece for his master's thesis (in which it is transcribed in staff notation), it is in the Aeolian mode on E (黄鐘均角調, otherwise called 越角), which is somewhat unusual for the Tōgaku tradition. It is in six continuous sections, each comprising 8 measures of 8/4. There is quite a bit of repetition of melodic material, but interestingly enough each movement is written out completely. The tuning specified for the 5-stringed lute in Gogen Fu is the same one used for the Dorian mode on A, called Huangzhong diao (黄鐘調) in Chinese or Ōshiki-chō in Japanese, namely E-A-c-e-g.
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Chinese historical sources mentioning the term Tangtang
● Tongdian《通典》(Comprehensive Institutions)
Written by Tang Dynasty scholar and historian Du You (杜佑, 735-812) between 766 and 801, Tongdian discusses music in its fifth section; the title appears as Tangtang《堂堂》in volume 146.
● Jiegu Lu《羯鼓錄》
Jiegu Lu is a book on music in two parts by Nan Zhuo (南卓, fl. 848-850). The first part was completed in 848 and the second in 850. The title appears as Tangtang《堂堂》.
● Jiu Tang Shu《旧唐书》(The Old Book of Tang), also known simply as Tang Shu《唐书》 (The Book of Tang), a historical work in 200 volumes that was completed in 945, actually during the Later Jin (后晋) Dynasty, one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十国) period following the fall of the Tang Dynasty; it is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). In volume 29, the title appears as Tangtang《堂堂》, and in volume 51 it appears as《側堂堂》.
● Tang Huiyao《唐会要》(Institutional History of Tang)
This history of the Tang Dynasty, comprising 100 volumes and 514 sections, was compiled by Wang Pu (王溥, 922-982) and presented to Emperor Taizu, the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty, in 961. The title appears as Tangtang《堂堂》in volume 33.
● Yuefu Shiji《乐府诗集》by Guo Maoqian (郭茂倩, 1041-1099)
The title appears in volume 44 as Tangtang《堂堂》.
● Yuefu Shiji《乐府诗集》by Guo Maoqian (郭茂倩, 1041-1099)
The title appears in volume 47 as Tangtang《堂堂》.
● Wenxian Tongkao《文献通考》(Comprehensive Examination of Literature) Compiled in the early 14th century by Ma Duanlin (马端临), this work contains a list and descriptions (though no illustrations) of many ancient and Medieval musical instruments. In volume 146, the title appears as Tangtang《堂堂》.
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Chinese poetic lyrics mentioning the term Tangtang
《杂曲歌辞 堂堂》
作者：李贺（唐）
by Li He (Tang Dynasty, 790 or 791-816 or 817)
堂堂复堂堂，红脱梅灰香。
十年粉蠹生画梁，饥虫不食推碎黄。
蕙花已老桃叶长，禁院悬帘隔御光。
华清源中礜石汤，裴回百凤随君王。
* * * * * * * * *
《杂曲歌辞 其一 堂堂》
作者：李义府（唐初）
by Li Yifu (early Tang Dynasty, 614-666)
懒正鸳鸯被，羞褰玳瑁床。
春风别有意，密处也寻香。
Notes:
《堂堂》，角调曲，本陈后主所作，唐为法曲。
* * * * * * * * *
《杂曲歌辞 其二 堂堂》
作者：李义府（唐初）
by Li Yifu (early Tang Dynasty, 614-666)
镂月成歌扇，裁云作舞衣。
自怜回雪影，好取洛川归。
Notes:
《万首绝句》题作《题美人》
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Videos and recordings of Wei Qing Tangtang
● Studio recording of Wei Qing Tangtang, as transcribed by Hayashi Kenzō, performed by the Shanghai Chinese Ancient Music Ensemble (Shanghai, China, 1988); Wei Qing Tangtang starts at 31:09
● Realization of Wei Qing Tangtang by Bilibili user 雪狼的天空 using synthesized sounds (China, 2021)
● Electronic realization of Wei Qing Tangtang by YouTube user 古樂尋蹤_HGofACH (Canada, 2022)
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Bibliography
● Wolpert, R. F. "A Ninth-Century Score for Five-Stringed Lute." Musica Asiatica, vol. 3 (1981), pp. 107-135.
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Thanks to Steven G. Nelson for assistance with this page.
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