Tang-era piece: Cai Sang Lao
《採桑老》
compiled by David Badagnani (rev. 3 July 2022)
In an effort to make this information more accessible, this document contains resources related to the Tang-era piece entitled Cai Sang Lao《採桑老》, which exists in the form of instrumental parts for a single-movement piece consisting of 12 measures of 8/4, in the Dorian mode on B, called Panshe diao (盤渉調) in Chinese and Banshiki-chō in Japanese.
As preserved in Sino-Japanese sources, the title of piece is written either『採桑老』or『採桒老』in kanji, and pronounced either Saishōrō (さいしょうろう) or Saisōrō (さいそうろう). It appears in the following score collections:
1) Hakuga Fue-fu『博雅笛譜』, also known as Hakuga no Fue-fu (literally "Hakuga's Fue Scores"), and properly known as Shinsen Gaku-fu (Chōshukyō Chiku-fu) 『新撰樂譜（長秋卿竹譜）』(literally "Newly Compiled Music Scores (Lord Long Autumn's Bamboo [Flute] Scores)") (966)
2) and 3) Sango Yōroku and Jinchi Yōroku, both of which were compiled in the late 12th century
4) Rosei Yōroku『蘆聲要録』(perhaps 1661)
This piece's title may translate to "The Old [Person] Picks Mulberry [Leaves]," and the phrase cai sang (采桑) appears in numerous Chinese poems and lyrics dating back as far as the Western Han Dynasty, continuing to appear in poems created in each subsequent dynasty of Chinese history.
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Chinese historical sources mentioning Cai Sang Lao
● Jiaofang Ji《教坊记》(The Conservatory Records)
A collection of short essays by the Tang Dynasty scholar Cui Lingqin (崔令钦, fl. 749). The title appears as Cai Sang《采桑》and Yang Xia Cai Sang《楊下采桑》.
● Tongdian《通典》(Comprehensive Institutions)
Written by Tang Dynasty scholar and historian Du You (杜佑, 735-812) between 766 and 801, Tongdian discusses music in its fifth section; the title appears as San Zhou Cai Sang《三洲采桑》in volume 146.
● Jiegu Lu《羯鼓錄》
Jiegu Lu is a book on music in two parts by Nan Zhuo (南卓, fl. 848-850). The first part was completed in 848 and the second in 850. The title appears as Liang Xia Cai Sang《涼下採桑》.
● Jiu Tang Shu《旧唐书》(The Old Book of Tang), also known simply as Tang Shu《唐书》 (The Book of Tang), a historical work in 200 volumes that was completed in 945, actually during the Later Jin (后晋) Dynasty, one of the Five Dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十国) period following the fall of the Tang Dynasty; it is one of the Twenty-Four Histories (二十四史). The title appears as Cai Sang《採桑》in volume 29.
● Tang Huiyao《唐会要》(Institutional History of Tang)
This history of the Tang Dynasty, comprising 100 volumes and 514 sections, was compiled by Wang Pu (王溥, 922-982) and presented to Emperor Taizu, the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty, in 961. The title appears as San Zhou Cai Sang《三洲採桑》in volume 33.
● Yuefu Shiji《乐府诗集》by Guo Maoqian (郭茂倩, 1041-1099)
The title appears in volume 44 as Cai Sang《采桑》.
● Yuefu Shiji《乐府诗集》by Guo Maoqian (郭茂倩, 1041-1099)
The title appears in volume 47 as Cai Sang Du《采桑度》.
● Wenxian Tongkao《文献通考》(Comprehensive Examination of Literature) Compiled in the early 14th century by Ma Duanlin (马端临), this work contains a list and descriptions (though no illustrations) of many ancient and Medieval musical instruments. In volume 146, the title appears as "Cai Sang"《采桑》.
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Chinese poems and poetic lyrics mentioning the term "Cai Sang" (采桑 or 採桑)
《陌上桑》
Mulberry Lane (Mo Shang Sang)
Mulberry Lane (Mo Shang Sang)
汉佚名乐府诗
Anonymous Yuefu poem (Han Dynasty)
日出东南隅，照我秦氏楼。秦氏有好女，自名为罗敷。罗敷喜蚕桑，采桑城南隅。青丝为笼系，桂枝为笼钩。头上倭堕髻，耳中明月珠。缃绮为下裙，紫绮为上襦。行者见罗敷，下担捋髭须。少年见罗敷，脱帽着帩头。耕者忘其犁，锄者忘其锄。来归相怨怒，但坐观罗敷。
使君从南来，五马立踟蹰。使君遣吏往，问是谁家姝？“秦氏有好女，自名为罗敷。”“罗敷年几何？”“二十尚不足，十五颇有余。”使君谢罗敷：“宁可共载不？”罗敷前致辞：“使君一何愚！使君自有妇，罗敷自有夫！”
“东方千余骑，夫婿居上头。何用识夫婿？白马从骊驹，青丝系马尾，黄金络马头；腰中鹿卢剑，可值千万余。十五府小吏，二十朝大夫，三十侍中郎⒄，四十专城居。为人洁白晰，鬑鬑颇有须。盈盈⒆公府步，冉冉府中趋。坐中数千人，皆言夫婿殊。”
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《采桑》
Picking Mulberry [Leaves] (Cai Sang)
作者：张祜（唐）
作者：张祜（唐）
by Zhang Hu (Tang Dynasty, c. 785-c. 849)
自古多征战，由来尚甲兵。
长驱千里去，一举两蕃平。
按剑从沙漠，歌谣满帝京。
寄言天下将，须立武功名。
Notes:
羽调曲，一云本清商西曲，又有《杨下采桑》。
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《杂曲歌辞 杨下采桑》
作者：张祜（唐）
by Zhang Hu (Tang Dynasty, c. 785-c. 849)
飞丝惹绿尘，软叶对孤轮。
今朝入园去，物色强著人。
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Videos and recordings of Cai Sang Lao
● Full-ensemble realization of Cai Sang Lao done by Tokinori Yanagita using synthesized sounds (Japan, 2021)
● Full-ensemble realization of Cai Sang Lao done by Tokinori Yanagita using synthesized sounds, revised version (Japan, 2021)
● Full-ensemble realization of Cai Sang Lao done by Tokinori Yanagita using synthesized sounds, revised version 4 (Japan, 2022)
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Bibliography
● Marett, Allan. "Tunes Notated in Flute-Tablature from a Japanese Source of the Tenth Century." Musica Asiatica, vol. 1 (1977), pp. 1-59.
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